![]() Later in 1924, Louis de Broglie showed in his doctoral dissertation that, in fact, electrons are much like photons in the respect that they act both as particles and as waves in a dual manner as Albert Einstein had shown for light earlier. Also, these can create fluorescence, mechanical effects, and more. Since scientists knew it was difficult to deflect electromagnetic waves with an electric field, this was evidence that the beams were made up of particles. This debate between them was resolved when an electric field was used to deflect the rays by J. Also, Crookes insisted it was a particle, while Hertz maintained it as a wave. These conflicting properties have caused disruptions when trying to classify it either as a particle or wave. Ernest Rutherford has demonstrated that the rays could pass through the thin metal foils, the behaviour expected of a particle. Like a wave, the cathode rays travel in straight lines and form a shadow when obstructed by the objects. This particular effect, when coupled with the controlled deflection of a cathode ray either by a magnetic or electric field, the cathode-ray oscilloscope (rather than the cathode-ray tube CRT) is used to track the values and changes of an alternating current or voltage, as well as the image tube used in radar and television. When cathode rays collide with particular molecules used to cover a cathode plate, the molecules (and thus the screen) emit light. X-rays or a very high temperature are created by cathode rays centred on a hard target (anticathode) on a small object in a vacuum (cathode-ray furnace). A cathode ray is defined as a stream of electrons leaving the negative electrode (or cathode) in a discharge tube that contains gas at low pressure or the electrons emitted by the heated filament in certain electron tubes.
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